The 3 Principal Financial Statements free essay sample

Held Earnings †Cumulative income/benefits of the firm that haven’t been delivered out as profits 1)Retained Earnings Net amassing of profit of the firm since its start †¢Increased by overall gain and decreased by misfortunes, and by the installment of profits to the investors or proprietors †¢For any bookkeeping period: REEB = REBB + NI †D 2)Recording Transactions †¢General Rules: Debits increment the parity in Asset and Expense records and credits increment the equalization in Liability, Contributed Capital, and Revenue accounts †¢Super T-account : II. The Income Statement How beneficial is the firm? Estimated over a time of time.Net Income (Earnings): benefices net III. The Statement of Cash Flows Is the firm creating adequate incomes from its clients to back tasks and to procure structures and hardware? Must it look for new assets from banks or proprietors? estimated over some stretch of time. 3 kinds of incomes: †¢Operating Cash Flows : m oney from clients less money paid in completing the firm’s working exercises †¢Investing Cash Flows : money paid to obtain noncurrent resources less sums from any offer of noncurrent resources †¢Financing Cash Flows : money from issues of long haul obligation or new capital less profits

Genital Warts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genital Warts - Assignment Example As indicated by Genitalwart-s.com, a site oversaw by the Genital Warts Support Team and whose substance is clearly taken from trustworthy clinical sources, genital moles are transmitted chiefly through sex with a transporter, regardless of whether this is vaginal, oral or butt-centric sex. Truth be told, the chance of securing genital moles from engaging in sexual relations with a bearer represents 66% all things considered. In any case, in light of late clinical research, there is no proof yet that genital moles are transmitted through debased clinical gear or even close to home things like toothbrush and shower towels. As per the National Institutes of Health, among the components that expansion danger of genital mole disease incorporate having various sexual accomplices, not knowing the sexual history or status of one’s accomplice at the hour of intercourse, being explicitly dynamic at a moderately early age, utilizing tobacco or liquor, having another viral contamination like herpes at the hour of intercourse, being pregnant or having a debilitated resistant framework that is ascribed to an ebb and flow ailment or medicine (Zieve, NIH). Other hazard elements would incorporate having gained explicitly transmitted contaminations or illnesses previously, and the utilization of oral contraceptives and anti-conception medication pills rather than condoms and different types of obstruction strategies or mechanical prophylaxis, on the grounds that the previous would essentially permit unprotected sex to occur (â€Å"Genital Warts†). In any case, male and female condoms would frequently end up being poor methods of forestalling genital moles on the grounds that the HPV can be on the skin (Zieve, NIH). Extra hazard factors, as per Genitalwart-s.com, incorporate over the top pressure, an encounter of injury, for example, one from a past medical procedure, a genuine ailment, or a genuine treatment for illnesses, for example, cervical malignancy (â€Å"Genital Warts†). Maybe, another hazard

Welcome Weekend Essential Events

Welcome Weekend Essential Events The first weekend you spend on campus here at Illinois is bound to be a busy one. From the second you step on campus, there are plenty of activities for all freshman students to attend, and theyre a great beginning to your four years here. Here are some of the ones I went to, and in my opinion, the ones you really shouldnt miss out on when trying to get yourself acquainted with the school. New Student Convocation As Chancellor Jones said in his convocation speech, Convocation is the first bookend to your experience here at the University of Illinois. Convocation is like the opposite of graduation; speakers welcome you into the school and get you ready to be a member of the Illini family. This is also one of the only times that your entire year will be attending something together, and its very cool to see everyone who is also beginning their experience in one room. Convocation is not something to miss, and it got me very excited to start the year. College Welcome Meeting This one will be more subjective as I attended the College of Media meeting, but they are all more or less similar. At my meeting, we had a large greeting of everyone in the College of Media, and the dean of students welcomed us all to school. We got another talk about what it means to be a student and the opportunities we have as Media students going forward. After that, we split into our respective majors and had more specific talks with professors, advisers, and students about what being a journalism major was like. They let us know about the clubs, extracurriculars, and other professional opportunities we had through the college and on campus. After all of the meetings, we had a chance to go to a fair to sign up for media-specific clubs. All of the colleges differ in what their meetings are, but they are essential for getting ready for classes. Illinois Sights and Sounds Illinois Sights and Sounds prepares you to be a social Illini and gets you excited for the schools athletics. The Marching Illini perform, speeches are given from important figures like our football coach Lovie Smith and basketball player Giorgi Bezhanishvili, and you are taught all the chants and dances that are done at the football games. The hour-long event in Memorial Stadium got me excited to go to the football games and cheer on our team this weekend against the Akron Zips. Quad Day Quad day is probably the craziest event on this list, considering everyone on the whole campus is invited. Before coming here, I couldnt believe that Illinois had over 1,800 student organizations, but after seeing them all with my very own eyes, its true. They arent joking when they say that there is a club or organization for everyone, whether you are into sports, service, or video games. Checking out Quad Day can help you meet people with the same interests as you and help make some new friends on campus. Before coming to college, I was afraid it would take me a while to get acclimated. But with all the academic and social events that Illinois provided, I felt right at home, and it only took me one weekend. Noah Class of 2023 I’m studying Journalism in the College of Media. I’m from Park Ridge Illinois, about 30 minutes out of Chicago. My posts are to show my freshman experience and how I navigate my first year of college!

Serial Killer And The Killer - 1528 Words

Serial killers traumatize entire communities and cause tremendous disturbance to everyone. The Gilgo Beach serial killer is also known as the Long Island serial killer and Craigslist Ripper is said to have been responsible for 10 to 17 murders. The killer is said to target those who work in the sex industry and is believed to have been active for more than 20 years. Although the killer has been active more than 20 years the police are nit anywhere near to catching him. This essay will take a look at the investigation of the serial killer, take a look at who some of the victims were and finally give my opinion on how the case is being handled. It is important to note that the identity of the killer has not been identified therefore there has not been a trial and a sentencing. Also for the purpose of this essay I will be referring to the Unsub as The Gilgo Beach serial killer or simply as the killer. Although the Gilgo Beach killer had been active for years his presence was made known in 2010. In May 1, 2010 Shannan Gilbert a sex worker form New Jersey disappeared after leaving a clients (Joe Brewer) home. Ms. Gilbert responded to an AD she posted on Craigslist and went out to meet her client in Oak Beach, Long Island. The night she disappeared Shannan Gilbert called 911 claiming that someone was out to get her and that they were trying to kill her. Ms. Gilbert was last seen banging on someone’s door before she completely disappeared. Meanwhile on June 5, 2010 another sexShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1101 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The serial killer ‘is an entirely different criminal,’ †The term serial killer is misleading on the ground that each murder is intended to be the last.† We see them as a figure of â€Å"the dark side of human potential,† but they believe they’re â€Å"on a heroic quest for the biggest score possible† They believe they are â€Å"the archetypal figure of im purity, the representative of a world which needs cleansing.† However, society knows that serial killers are not heroes, and they’re not cleansing the worldRead MoreSerial Killer And Serial Killers Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has some of the most infamous serial killers who marked history, serial killers who once didn’t even think to harm any human being. Many people grow up differently from others, some people grow up in a safe environment surrounded with caring people and others grow up in a completely different environment being missed treated by others, therefore are serial killers made or born? A serial killer is defined as â€Å"a person who commits more than three murders over a period that spans more thanRead MoreSerial Killer : Serial Killers909 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to an FBI study, â€Å"there have been approximately 400 serial killers in the United States in the past century, with anywhere from 2,526 to 3,860 victims (Hickey). No one really understands serial killers. It is actually quite difficult to comprehend how the mind of a serial killer works. Some believe that a serial killer feels strongly attracted by a specific physical characteristic in the victim. It could be his or her appearance: facial features, clothes, or even personality. On the otherRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1080 Words   |  5 Pageshelp? This was the technique one of the most infamous serial killer Ted Bundy used to approach his victims and ultimately murder them. B. Background and Audience Relevance: Today, I will be speaking to you about serial killers. C. Speaker Credibility: I decided to do my topic on serial killers because, criminology is something I’m genuinely interested in and would like to learn more about it myself. D. Thesis: By learning about serial killers, hopefully in the future they can be captured fasterRead MoreSerial Killer : Serial Killers1858 Words   |  8 PagesA serial killer is defined as someone who has murdered two or more victims and the incidents occurred at separate events at different times (Morton). Serial killers can be motivated by a variety of things like anger and the power and thrill they feel by gaining control. The common misconception is that people become violent because they are mentally unstable, but not all mentally unstable people are serial killers. So the important question is what causes the distinction. One common theory is thatRead MoreSerial Killers : A Serial Killer1219 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough serial killers come in all shapes and sizes, there is a general profile that criminologists go by when trying to profile a criminal. The typical serial killer is a white male in his late 20s to early 30s, kills within his own race, his targeted victims sha re specific characteristics, and his method of murder is â€Å"hands on† in means of strangulation. The types of serial killers include visionaries, missionaries, lust killers, thrill killers, gain killers, and power seekers. Depending on theRead MoreSerial Killer : Serial Killers939 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a serial killer? Serial killers are very sick and distraught compared to others. As indicated by the Vancouver Sun, a serial killer is characterized as somebody who is responsible for more than three killings over a period that than traverses over one month.In 2005 the fbi changed it to at least two killings with no reference to intention or time span. Generally, serial killers murder for some kind of mental benefit. Serial Killers can come in all shapes and sizes: don t be tricked byRead MoreSerial Killer And Serial Killers1644 Words   |  7 PagesSerial Killer A serial killer is someone who has killed three or more people on separate occasions with enough time between, allowing them to calm down or reflect on what they did. There are separate categories for serial killers. The types of serial killers are organized killers, unorganized killers, and medical killers (Crime museum, 2015, para. 1, 2, 3). Beverley Allitt was considered to be under the medical killer category. Allitt killed a total of 4 children in less than a year span (McCrystalRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer2026 Words   |  9 Pagesneurological differences and biological disparities contribute to them becoming a serial killer, such as whether a person is a male or female. Also, people who suffer from neurological disabilities such as psychopathy are at more of a risk. People who live in the United States of America (USA) are statistically more likely to become a serial killer. There are many factors that can drive a person to become a serial killer and not ev eryone turns into one.. It takes a specific type of person to commitRead MoreSerial Killers : A Serial Killer1820 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstand a serial killers background to get an understanding of how childhood trauma could lead to their need to kill. Although there are no exact factors that would absolutely cause a child to grow up into a serial killer, research found by Laurence Miller in â€Å"Serial killers: II. Development, Dynamics, and Forensics,† suggest that there are several common factors found in multiple serial killers’ childhoods. For example, some of the leading childhood characteristics found among serial killers include

Role of Mathematics in Business Economics - 1407 Words

Role Of Mathematics in Business amp; Economics Introduction: Mathematics have been one of the primary elements of business and economics since ancient times, when farmers had to count the animals in their possession and merchants had to have a clear picture of their goods value. With the introduction of money as the universal legal tender, all goods acquired a numerical value, making math calculations even more important. Furthermore, in the competitive global market environment of today, businesses have to take advantage of every opportunity for profit, making frequent statistical market analyses a necessity. Business Mathematics: Business mathematics is mathematics used by commercial enterprises to record and manage business†¦show more content†¦Tax Records Basic math skills make it easier to file and maintain tax records, a necessity for individuals and businesses alike. And taxes like sales tax, property taxes, unemployment tax and social security taxes must be monitored. Without basic math skills, it is easy to make a mistake; errors in figuring taxes will likely lead to an audit, a complicated procedure, or a loss of significant amounts of revenue. Payroll Math is important when dealing with payroll systems. It allows you to calculate percentage raises, figure cost-of-living increases, or calculate how much an employee owes into his or her health savings accounts or insurance premiums. Other Decisions Math is important when making even general business decisions, like whether to expand into a new branch, whether you can afford to hire another employee, or if you can market a product nationally. Knowledge of basic math makes interest calculations, markups and markdowns, credit lines and mortgage calculations less tedious and time-consuming, saving you and your customers time and money. The Use of Mathematics in Business amp; Economics: The types of math used in economics are primarily algebra, calculus and statistics. Algebra is used to make computations such as total cost and total revenue. Calculus is used to find the derivatives of utility curves, profit maximization curves and growth models. Statistics allows economists to make forecastsShow MoreRelatedHow Business Is An Expansion Or Recession By Their Look And Attitudes At Dinner Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I was young, my parents started their business supplying steel to construction firms. They often talked about their business when we had dinner. Since their business is closely related to the overall macroeconomic situation, I got a sense about business cycle at an early age. I could judge whether it is an expansion or recession by their looks and attitudes at dinner. Also, I got a feeling about how the business could function in the environment of competition before I entered high school. 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Hiv and Nutrition Free Essays

string(49) " between the shoulder blades, or on the breasts\." Few crises have affected human health and threatened social and economic development like HIV/AIDS. As infection rates continue to escalate around the world — particularly in countries with large rural populations and widespread small-scale agriculture — the pandemic is having a significant impact on food security and nutrition, creating a deadly cycle: HIV/AIDS typically strikes the household’s most productive members first. When these people become ill, there is an immediate strain on the family’s ability to work, feed themselves and provide care. We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv and Nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the disease progresses, it can become even harder for a family to cope, especially as resources are drained — for instance, valuable assets, such as livestock and tools, may need to be sold in order to pay for food and medical expenses — and poverty advances. Without food or income, some  family members  may migrate in search of work, increasing their chances of contracting HIV — and bringing it back home. For others, commercial sex may be their only option to feed and support their family.Food insecurity also leads to  malnutrition, which can aggravate and accelerate the development of AIDS. Likewise, the disease itself can contribute to malnutrition by reducing appetite, interfering with nutrient absorption, and making additional demands on the body’s nutritional status. Therefore nutrition plays a big part in enabling patients to properly take medication, manage side effects, and maintain adequate nourishment. Some of the nutritional issues inc lude:- 1. Recommendations for light snacks are included, as are remedies for unpleasant tastes caused by some medications. . Weight gain is an issue for all AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy. 3. Nutritionists advise that to manage increasing weight, patients should cut fat and calories, but not eliminate the good fats, such as monounsaturated fats and Omega 3 polyunsaturated fat. 4. Because AIDS-related illnesses can cause loss of lean body mass and wasting, people with AIDS need to consume more protein. It is also important to maintain calcium in the diet for bone health, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and regulating heartbeat. 5.Carbohydrates round out the healthy diet by lowering cholesterol, lowering glucose absorption, alleviating constipation, and facilitating movement through the bowel. 6. Aside from a well balanced diet, it is important to prepare food safely and to know the source of any drinking water. As we have seen, HIV and nutrition are intimately linked. HIV infection can lead to malnutrition, while poor diet can in turn speed the disease’s progress. As AIDS treatment becomes increasingly available in the poorest parts of the world, critical questions are emerging about how well the drugs work in people who are short of food.Uncertainty also surrounds the role of vitamins and other supplements. And for those already receiving treatment, side effects such as body fat changes are a daily concern. Understandably, HIV positive people and those who care for them are keenly interested in whatever might benefit their health. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HIV AND NUTRITION, AND WHAT THIS MEANS FOR TACKLING THE DISEASE. 1. Body changes AIDS  is well known for causing severe weight loss known as wasting. In Africa, the illness was at first called â€Å"slim† because sufferers became like skeletons.Yet body changes are not only seen during AIDS; less dramatic changes often occur in earlier stages of HIV infection. Whereas starving people tend to lose fat first, the weight lost during HIV infection tends to be in the form of lean tissue, such as muscle. This means there may be changes in the makeup of the body even if the overall weight stays the same. In children, HIV is frequently linked to growth failure. One large European study found that  children with HIV  were on average around 7 kg (15 lbs) lighter and 7. 5 cm (3 inches) shorter than uninfected children at ten years old. What causes these changes? One factor behind HIV-related weight loss is increased energy expenditure. Though no one knows quite why, many studies have found that people with HIV tend to burn around 10% more calories while resting, compared to those who are uninfected. People with advanced infection or AIDS (particularly children) may expend far more energy. But faster metabolism is not the only problem. In normal circumstances, a small rise in energy expenditure may be offset by eating slightly more food  or taking less exercise.There are two other important reasons why people with HIV may lose weight or suffer childhood growth failure. The first factor is decreased energy intake or, to put it simply, eating less food. Once HIV has weakened the immune system, various infections can take hold, some of which can affect appetite and ability to eat. For example, sores in the mouth or throat may cause  pain  when swallowing, while diarrhoea or nausea may disturb normal eating patterns. Someone who is ill may be less able to earn money, shop for food or prepare meals. Stress and psychological issues may also contribute.Secondly, weight loss or growth failure can occur when the body is less able to absorb nutrients – particularly fat – from food, because HIV or another infection (such as cryptosporidium) has damaged the lining of the gut. Diarrhoea is a common symptom of such malabsorption. 2. Effects of antiretroviral treatment Current  antiretroviral drug treatments  control HIV infection and prevent severe wasting, as well as other AIDS-related conditions. Emaciated people tend to regain weight once they begin treatment, and stunted children start to grow faster.Nevertheless, the drugs do not eliminate wasting. Studies have found that relatively small weight loss (between 5% and 10% over six months) is quite common among people with HIV who are taking treatment and not trying to lose weight. Although this might not seem like much, losses of this size have been linked to an increased risk of illness or death, as discussed below. In addition, some antiretroviral drugs have been linked to a problem called lipodystrophy. Whereas HIV-related wasting tends to deplete lean tissue, lipodystrophy involves changes in fat distribution. Prolonged treatment is sometimes associated with losing fat from the face, limbs or buttocks, or gaining fat deep within the abdomen, between the shoulder blades, or on the breasts. You read "Hiv and Nutrition" in category "Papers" Antiretroviral treatment can also contribute to lipid abnormalities by raising LDL cholesterol, lowering HDL cholesterol, and raising triglyceride levels in the blood. This may result in higher risks of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Other side effects of antiretroviral treatment include insulin resistance, which can occasionally lead to diabetes. 3. Micronutrient deficienciesMicronutrients are vitamins and minerals that the body needs to maintain good health. Researchers have found that people with HIV are more likely to show signs of micronutrient deficiencies, compared to uninfected people. Specifically they have found low levels of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, carotenoids, selenium, zinc and iron in the blood of various populations. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the evidence is not entirely conclusive. It is possible that HIV might affect the markers used to measure micronutrient levels more than it affects the actual amounts of micronutrients available in the body.Some studies suggest that antiretroviral treatment improves micronutrient status. EFFECTS OF NUTRITION ON HIV 1. Disease progression The links between HIV and nutritional status run both ways. It has long been known that weight loss strongly predicts illness or death among people with HIV. More recently it has been found that this applies even to people taking antiretroviral treatment. Losing as little as 3-5% of body weight significantly increases the risk of death; losing more than 10% is associated with a four- to six-fold greater risk.A Zambian study involving nearly 30,000 patients has shown that failure to gain weight six months after the start of antiretroviral treatment increases the chance of death ten fold when compared with those who gain over 10 kilograms. Therefore, HIV leads to:- * Insufficient food intake, malabsorption, increased energy expenditure * Worsened disease * Nutritional deficiencies Various micronutrients have been linked to changes in the rate at which HIV infection progresses to AIDS. Low levels of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin E and selenium seem to accelerate progression.The effects of other micronutrients, however, are more controversial. One such example is zinc. Although zinc is essential for a healthy immune system, it has been shown to play a role in HIV’s replication cycle. On the other hand, some scientists claim zinc delays HIV disease progression. 2. Antiretroviral treatment There is strong evidence that malnourished people are less likely to benefit from antiretroviral treatment. One study in  Malawi found that patients with mild malnutrition (a low body weight for their height) were twice as likely to die in the first three months of treatment.For those with severe malnutrition the risk was six times greater than for those of healthy body weight. Researchers in Singapore have reported similar findings. A study in  Zambia  showed death rates in the first three months of starting antiretroviral treatment were highest (95%) among the most severely malnourished. This is not just an issue for developing countries; for example a study of people receiving antiretroviral treatment in Sydney, Australia found that one in three did not have access to nutritious food, and one in five said they regularly went hungry.Without food or the right nutrition, taking antiretroviral drugs can be so painful that people simply don’t. In a choice between taking pills with no immediate or obvious effect, and eating food to survive, food will almost certainly take priority every time. A health worker in Zimbabwe, where malnutrition is widespread, explained that taking antiretroviral drugs on an empty stomach is like digesting razor blades. The result is that many simply do not take them. In resource-poor countries such as,  treatment in children  is made more difficult because many children wi th HIV are severely malnourished. Very little is known about how best to treat such children, and in particular whether it is best to start antiretroviral treatment before or after nutritional rehabilitation. The World Health Organisation recommends treating the malnutrition first, but stresses that â€Å"further research on these matters is urgently needed. † The ways in which the body digests, absorbs and makes use of drugs are very similar to the ways in which it treats food, providing many opportunities for food-drug interactions. As explained later in this article, a number of foods and supplements are known to alter the effects of antiretroviral drugs.It is also possible that some micronutrient deficiencies may make the drugs less effective, or may worsen side effects 3. HIV transmission The chance of someone transmitting HIV is linked to the amount of virus in their bodily fluids, which is known as the viral load. In theory, micronutrient deficiencies may increase viral load by enabling HIV to replicate faster, or by weakening the immune system. Similarly, someone whose immune system has been weakened by micronutrient deficiencies may be more likely to acquire HIV.Research in this area has, however, been largely inconclusive. The strongest evidence links low levels of retinol (the animal form of vitamin A) in women’s blood with increased rates of  mother-to-child transmission. Poor nutrition may also affect the spread of HIV in a very different way: by altering sexual behaviour. One study of two thousand people in  Botswana  and  Swaziland  found that women lacking enough food to eat were less likely to use condoms and more likely to engage in risky activities, such as exchanging sex for money or resources.DIETARY ADVICE FOR HIV POSITIVE PEOPLE Dietary advice should be tailored to individual circumstances. However, in general the recommendations for people living with asymptomatic HIV infection are much the same as for everyone else, meaning a healthy, balanced diet. Only three differences are worth noting: * Because people with untreated HIV tend to burn more energy, the total number of calories should be around 10% higher than the usual guideline amounts, and up to 30% higher during recovery from illness. The balance of fat, protein and carbohydrates should remain the same. Many experts recommend a daily multivitamin (usually without iron, except in menstruating women or people with iron deficiency). * The World Health Organisation recommends vitamin A supplements every 4-6 months for young children living with HIV in resource-poor settings. HIV positive people suffering loss of appetite may need to make an extra effort to ensure they are eating enough. Helpful suggestions include eating several small meals per day, taking exercise to stimulate appetite, possibly mashing or liquidising food to ease swallowing, and seeking advice from a health provider or dietician.If other approaches have failed to reverse wasting then doctors may recommend a l iquid food supplement, an appetite stimulant, or resistance exercise to build muscle. Other possibilities include steroids and hormone treatments, though these can be expensive and have serious side SUPPLEMENTS AS AN OPTION TO BOOST THE DIETARY NEEDS When scientists compare people who have chosen to take a supplement versus people who haven’t, they cannot be sure that the supplement is making the difference; for example, it could be that those taking the supplement tend to lead generally healthier lifestyles.Therefore the most reliable evidence comes from large trials in which scientists randomly choose who takes the supplement and who takes a dummy pill called a placebo. Yet even the results of randomised trials must be treated with caution because diet and nutritional status vary widely. It is possible for a supplement that benefits one group of people to be ineffective or even harmful in another group. Multivitamins A trial involving a thousand HIV positive pregnant women in Tanzania found that daily multivitamins benefited both the mothers and their babies, compared to placebo.After four years, multivitamins were found to reduce the women’s risk of AIDS and death by around 30%. A large trial in Thailand also found that multivitamins led to fewer deaths, but only among people in the advanced stages of HIV disease. A third, smaller trial in Zambia found no benefits from multivitamins after one month of use Based on these and other, less rigorous studies, many experts recommend multivitamins for people living with HIV, particularly those who are undernourished and have advanced disease.For example  PEPFAR  (the American government’s international AIDS initiative) supports the provision of micronutrient supplements to high-risk individuals with inadequate diets Individual nutrients When it comes to supplementing individual vitamins and minerals, the evidence is less clear. Few studies have found significant effects on HIV transmission, disease progression or death rates. The most interesting results have come from studies of vitamin A and zinc. Vitamin A supplements have been found to reduce rates of illness and death among African children living with HIV.The World Health Organisation recommends vitamin A supplements every 4-6 months for all young children (6-59 months old) at high ri sk of vitamin A deficiency; this includes those born to HIV positive mothers in resource-limited settings. In contrast, studies providing vitamin A to pregnant, HIV positive women have had mixed results. Two trials in  South Africa  and Malawi found no effect on mother-to-child transmission, but saw some other benefits for the infants. A third trial in Tanzania found that vitamin A supplementation had no beneficial effects, and actually increased the risk of mother-to-child transmission by 40%.The inconsistency of these results (perhaps due to differences in diet) means that vitamin A supplementation is not generally recommended for HIV positive, pregnant women Several studies have found that zinc supplementation reduces cases of diarrhoea among children in developing countries. 30However most trials have been conducted among HIV negative children outside Africa, and their results may not apply in all situations. One study in South Africa found that zinc supplements reduced bouts of diarrhoea among HIV positive children, without hastening the progress of their HIV infection.Other results from Africa have been mixed, with some studies finding no evidence of benefit. 32 Studies und ertaken on zinc supplementation and adults living with HIV paint an equally unclear picture. While some studies have found that zinc supplements do not have any impact on HIV positive patients,  another has shown a 60% reduced risk of diarrohea in the HIV positive participants of a study conducted over 18 months. Potential for harm Some HIV positive people take a lot of supplements in the hope that at least some of them might be beneficial.This is not necessarily a sensible idea, however, because supplements can do harm as well as good. As an expert reviewer has noted: â€Å"different doses may have different and even opposite effects, and the effect of the same dose may depend on baseline micronutrient intake or status†¦ Furthermore, micronutrients often interact, so that the effect of a micronutrient supplement depends on the intake of other micronutrients. † Taking doses of vitamins far in excess of the recommended daily allowances – known as megavitamin therapy – is certainly not advisable.Megadose vitamin C, for example, has no proven benefit and can lead to diarrhoea, while too much vitamin A can cause a range of ailments including jaundice, nausea and vomiting. Some foods, herbs and supplements interact with antiretroviral drugs, potentially increasing the risk of treatment failure or side effects. Harmful interactions have been observed between certain drugs and some of the foods promoted as nutritional therapy for people living with HIV, which otherwise may be beneficial as part of a balanced diet.Notable examples are St John’s Wort, African potato, Sutherlandia, garlic, vitamin C and grapefruit juice. It is important for HIV positive people to tell their doctors about any supplements they are taking. NUTRITIONAL ASSISTANCE Because HIV and nutrition are so strongly linked, nutritional assistance is seen as an important part of the response to HIV. This may take the form of nutritional assessment, counselling, or food provision. Nutritional assessment and counselling Nutritional assessment helps HIV positive people receive appropriate treatment, care and nutritional support.Even in the poorest settings, according to the World Health Organisation: â€Å"Screening for nutritional status and assessment of dietary intake should be included routinely in HIV treatment and ca re for adults and children. † In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services advises that, ideally, all people living with HIV should have access to the services of a registered dietician with expertise in HIV/AIDS. A dietician can assess the patient’s diet, lifestyle and nutritional status, and provide counselling and referrals as necessary. Nutritional counselling may include education on various topics, including: * Healthy eating Achieving or maintaining a healthy body weight * Managing lipid abnormalities and lipodystophy * Managing dietary complications related to antiretroviral treatment * Managing symptoms that may affect food intake * Appropriate use of herbal and/or nutritional supplements * The role of exercise * Food safety (important for preventing  opportunistic infections) Providing food Providing food supplements to malnourished patients on antiretroviral treatment can increase programme success. Some programmes helping people living with HIV provide a limited amount of fo od to those most in need.For example  PEPFAR funding may be spent on food for the following groups, if funds cannot be obtained elsewhere: * Orphans  and vulnerable children born to HIV infected parents * HIV-positive pregnant and lactating women * Malnourished adults in antiretroviral therapy and care programmes Foods provided in resource-poor areas include peanut butter-based paste, milk, flour and vegetable oil, each fortified with micronutrients. Alternatively HIV positive people may be helped to set up vegetable gardens or animal rearing projects to improve their diet.In some rich countries there are non-profit organizations that deliver meals to the homes of people who are ill because of HIV infection. Examples include Moveable Feast in Baltimore, USA, and The Food Chain in London, England. Food provision is, however, not without its hazards. Organizations focused on combating HIV are wary of getting drawn into providing long-term food aid. In communities with widespread hunger, providing food only to HIV positive people may fuel discrimination, or even appear to reward people for becoming infected.In most cases food is provided to mitigate the impact of HIV, or to support antiretroviral treatment. Some experts have suggested that more general hunger alleviation could have a role in slowing the spread of the epidemic: â€Å"In poverty-stricken communities, the incentive of reducing HIV risk behavior should be an added reason for national governments and international agencies to invest in reducing hunger by improving infrastructure and development†¦ Ignoring such basic issues as food or hunger could be a major stumbling block to HIV prevention strategies. Professor Nigel Roll ins Why is good nutrition important in HIV? * Good nutrition helps keep your immune system strong, enabling you to better fight disease. A healthy diet improves quality of life. * Weight loss, wasting, and malnutrition continue to be common problems in HIV, despite more effective antiretroviral medications, and can contribute to HIV disease progression. * Good nutrition helps the body process the many medications taken by people with HIV. Diet (and exercise) may help with symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and fatigue, and with fat redistribution and metabolic abnormalities such as high blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides. CONCLUSION HIV and nutrition are directly related and there is need for proper nutrition for those infected. Patients need to fortify the body with all the nutritional requirements to help the body withstand the ravages of the diseases and to cope with the ARV’s. Dietary requirements and recipes are available to ensure that the daily nutritional needs of the patients are met. However there are so many challenges that need to be overcome in developing countries like Kenya, the biggest of which is lack of sufficient income to cater for the special dietary needs of the patients.REFERENCES1. NUTRITION/INFECTION UNIT: -http://www. tufts. edu/med/nutrition-infection/hiv/health. html2. EFFECTS OF HIV ON NUTRITION: http://www. avert. org/hiv-nutrition. htm3. FAO: HIV AIDS, FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION : http://www. fao. org/ag/agn/nutrition/household_hivaids_en. stm How to cite Hiv and Nutrition, Papers

Project Management Success

Introduction To some degree, the success of every project depends on the expertise of a leader who has to guide the activities of team members and foster their cooperation. In some cases, this professional has to coordinate the work of people who may be located in different countries and this task can be very challenging.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project Management Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at discussing the key factors needed for project success and team building. In particular, close attention should be paid to such concepts as key performance index, communication strategy, and performance measurement tools. They are critical for the effective work of many businesses and public organizations. Apart from that, it is important to focus on the role of managers who should possess various skills that are related to different areas such as HR policies, cross-cultural com munication, or motivation of employees. These are the main issues that should be discussed. Key performance index One of the most important tasks is to monitor the progress of team members and eliminate possible problems or mistakes that are often inevitable. However, this task can be done properly if there is the key performance index or KPI that helps a leader identify the strengths or weaknesses of a project (Lan Untelkar 2006, p. 106). This concept is used to describe an indicator or a group of indicators that are most important for an organization (Lan Untelkar 2006, p. 106). To a great extent, they reflect the goals that the project is supposed to attain (Lan Untelkar 2006, p. 106). So, at first, it is important to distinguish the criteria according to which the performance of a team should be evaluated (Chan Chan 2004). It should be noted that companies can have different KPIs. They can be related to the operational costs of a project, functionality of a product, timeline s, customer satisfaction, increased rates of production and other parameters that are taken into account by managers (Marks 2012, p. 53).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, the development of these indicators is one of the first steps that managers should take prior to the start of any project. To a great extent, KPIs help leaders determine whether the team achieves the goals that were set at the very beginning. This is why management should concentrate on the development of key performance indicators. Without them, the organization will have to face many pitfalls such as delays. This is the importance of KPI should not be overlooked. Communication strategy Additionally, it is important to speak about the communication strategy adopted by an organization. The exchange of information is critical for every activity involved in the project. Therefore, one should dete rmine how different participants can interact with each other (Turner 2007, p. 790). Business administrators should remember about several aspects of this question. First of all, they should think about the communication with major stakeholders such as clients, business partners, corporate executives, suppliers and so forth (Turner 2007, p. 790). They should know how the project is managed and what kind results are achieved (Turner 2007, p. 790). Furthermore, they should be able to interact with the team members and make recommendations if they are necessary (Ndoni Elhag 2010). The manager should distinguish different types of information and determine how it should be communicated. It is necessary to focus on data related to the project plan, its status, and key events or problems encountered by the team (Binder 2007, p. 101). This is one of the issues that should be considered. Provided that a leader achieves this goal, it will be possible to avoid many conflicts and delays.Adver tising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project Management Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from that, it is important to speak about the communication within a team or between several teams. This question is particularly important when a project involves several teams that can operate in different countries or even continents. Each participant of the team should be informed about the goals of the project, schedules, and requirements of customers (Ndoni Elhag 2010). Furthermore, these professionals should be able know about the possible changes in the project plan or new goals that they may need to attain (Ndoni Elhag 2010). Additionally, employees, representing different departments, should know about the work of other departments. In this way, project managers can better coordinate the work of various departments of teams (Ndoni Elhag 2010). Overall, communication strategy is critical for the achieve ment of project goals. This is one of the issues that a leader should address. If he/she copes with this task, it will be easier for the team to meet timelines and attain the objectives set by customers or corporate executives. Performance measure tools One should bear in mind that project management involves the evaluation of people’s performance and the overall progress achieved by the team. The duty of a manager is to make sure that each group understands what is expected from him or her, and the individual and teamwork will be assessed. For example, many managers prefer the so-called 360-degree assessment which enables to evaluate the performance of an employee (Reiss 2012, p. 111). This performance measurement tool focuses on such criteria as quantitative results of an employee’s work, customers’ satisfaction, or initiatives taken by this individual (Reiss 2012, p. 111).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If a leader uses appropriate evaluation methods, the leader will be able to motivate every participant. This is why project managers should think about the ways in which the performance of workers will be assessed and how it will be compensated. Additionally, project leaders will play a critical role in team-building, since employees can work successfully only if they share some values, attitudes, or beliefs (Reiss 2012, p. 111). This is why leaders should foster cooperation among different participants involved in the project. Furthermore, these professionals should not be isolated from one another. In other words, they should know about the duties of each other (Ndoni Elhag 2010). This is why managers should focus on team-building. For example, this person should organize joint meetings during which each participant can share their views with one another. Conclusion Therefore, one can argue that project management has several aspects and each of them is important for the success of every various initiatives implemented by a team. In particular, business administrators should attach importance to such issues as key performance indicators, communication strategies, and team-building because these elements are critical for the effective work of an organization. Furthermore, these professionals should ensure that different stakeholders such clients, corporate executives, managers, and workers who should interact with each other. These opportunities are particularly important when one speak about international projects. References Binder, J 2007, Global Project Management: Managing Virtual Projects and Programmes Across Borders, Gower Publishing, Ltd, London. Chan, A Chan, A 2004. ‘Key performance indicators for measuring construction success’, Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol. 11 no. 2, pp.203 – 221. Lan, Y Untelkar, B 2006, Global Integrated Supply Chain Systems, Global Integrated Supply Chain Systems, Idea Group Inc, New York. Ndoni, D. Elhag, T 2010, ‘The integration of human relationships in capital development projects: A case study of BSF scheme, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business’, vol. 3 no. 3, pp. 479-494. Marks, T 2012, 20:20 Project Management: How to Deliver on Time, on Budget and on Spec, Kogan Page Publishers, London. Reiss, M 2012, Change Management: A Balanced and Blended Approach, BoD – Books on Demand, New York. Turner, J 2007, Gower Handbook of Project Management: Fourth Edition, Gower Publishing, Ltd, New York. 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